蜂群箱体关键参数在线监测系统与性能测试

随着信息技术的发展，利用大数据分析、物联网监控、传感器感知、无线通信等技术构建一种蜂箱蜂群实时在线监测系统，是减少因开箱检查造成蜂群应激反应的可行解决方案。本研究针对蜂箱封闭环境进行实时监测困难的现状，利用STM32F103VBT6 32位微控制器，同时融合了温湿度传感器、微麦克风以及激光对射传感器，开发了一套低功耗、可连续工作的蜂群箱体关键参数在线监测系统，实现了养蜂生产过程中多参数信息获取以及蜂箱内蜂群的环境参数和生活状态的实时在线监测。系统主要包括核心处理模块、数据采集模块、数据发送模块以及数据库服务器等。数据采集模块包括蜂箱内部温湿度采集单元、蜂群声音采集单元、蜜蜂进出巢数量计数单元等，通过接入移动通信网络进行数据传输。系统现场部署性能测试结果表明，研制的系统能够实时监测蜂箱内温湿度，有效区别进出蜂箱的蜜蜂并记录进出巢门的蜜蜂数量，且自动获取的蜂群声音与标准的蜂群声音分布相吻合。本系统符合设计要求，采集参数准确可靠，可以作为蜂群相关研究的数据采集方法。     

黄土高原地带连续性暴雨特征分析

通过研究甘肃庆阳地区连续性暴雨的成因及特征,为该地区的灾害性暴雨天气预报预警提供参考依据,本研究利用常规气象资料和诊断分析技术分析了庆阳地区2017年8月17—22日连续性暴雨过程。结果表明：(1)连续暴雨前期降水历时短,强度大,分布不均匀,突发性明显；中期持续时间较长,范围广,局地降水强度强,累计降水量较大；后期持续时间长,范围广,分布均匀,累计降水量大。(2)低空急流低层抬升和高空急流抽吸造成了连续性暴雨的发生发展。(3)中尺度云团较为活跃,组织化程度高,持续时间长。(4)前期大气处于极度高能不稳定状态,中期不稳定能量有所下降,后期不稳定能量急剧下降。(5)前期比湿突增明显,跃变值达4g/kg,且比中后期大。     

棉田土壤养分分析与土壤墒情监测系统应用

【目的】研究土壤养分的空间变异程度及分布规律,为该区域科学施肥提供依据。【方法】以新疆生产建设兵团第八师石河子总场六分场数字农业示范田为研究区域,应用土壤墒情监测系统、GIS与地统计学的方法,对棉田土壤含水量与温度进行实时采集、分析并存储在服务器里面,分析石河子总场土壤含水量和温度变化规律、棉田土壤养分空间分布特点及变异规律。【结果】(1)根据监测数据分析,随着灌水量增加和棉花生育期推进,上层0~30 cm比下层40~60 cm的土壤含水量变化趋势明显。0~20 cm土层土壤补偿水比较充分,各个监测点土壤含水量基本维持在比较适宜的范围内。土壤各层温度受大气温度影响并随着土层深度的加深而减弱,随着土层深度的逐渐加深滞后时间相对延长;受棉株逐渐长高变大以后遮阴等造成的影响,7月以后各土层温度逐渐持平,波动不大。(2)土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾均呈现出中等程度变异;(3)土壤速效钾的块金值在25%~75%(块金值为0.497)表现为中等空间自相关性外,土壤全氮、速效磷指标的块金系数小于25%表现为强烈的空间自相关性。【结论】应用土壤墒情实时监测系统指导棉田灌溉,较往年没有任何减产减质的情况下,棉花灌溉在全生育期内比以往灌溉次数下降了1~3次,节约水资源约20%左右。研究区域内土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾变异呈现中等程度变异特征,全氮、速效磷表现为极强空间自相关性,速效钾表现为中等强度的空间相关性。     

生态文明视域下草原治理体系构建研究

草原是我国面积最大的陆地生态系统，既是我国重要的生态安全屏障，也是广大农牧民赖以生存的家园。为深入贯彻习近平生态文明思想，落实山水林田湖草沙系统治理的理念，推进草原保护修复和高效利用，本研究结合"十四五"林业和草原保护发展规划纲要，提出了构建草原监测评价体系、草原保护体系、草原生态修复体系、草原执法监管体系、现代草业体系、支撑保障体系等草原治理体系，旨在为推进草原治理体系和治理能力现代化提供参考。     

Demographic trends in Claremont California’s street tree population

The aim of this study was to quantify street tree population dynamics in the city of Claremont, CA. A repeated measures survey (2000 and 2014) based on a stratified random sampling approach across size classes and for the most abundant 21 species was analyzed to calculate removal, growth, and replacement planting rates. Demographic rates were estimated using a hierarchical Bayesian framework. The community-level (all species) median growth rate was 1.41% per year (95% CI: 1.21–1.65%) with Pinus brutia and Pistacia chinensis growing significantly faster than the community-level median. The community-level median removal rate was 1.03% per year (95% CI: 0.66–1.68%), with no significant differences between species and the community-level medium. Once removed, only 7.2% (95% CI: 4.4–12.9%) were replaced annually. Presence of overhead utility lines influenced tree removal rates while age, diameter-at-breast-height, and prior tree condition influenced tree growth. Overall live aboveground biomass in sampled sites was 713.29 Mg in 2000 and increased to 877.36 Mg by 2014. Biomass gain from growth outweighed loss from removals nearly three-fold; replacement contributed 0.5% of the total biomass gain. We conclude that to increase the resilience of the street tree population will require 1) an increase in percent of full stocking or biomass stock and 2) a shift in the species palette to favor species less vulnerable to pests and expected disturbance from climate change and 3) ongoing monitoring to detect departures from baseline demographic rates.     

Pharmacokinetics of xylazine after 2-, 4-, and 6-hr durations of continuous rate infusions in horses

Intravenous (i.v.) bolus administration of xylazine (XYL) (0.5 mg/kg) immediately followed by a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of 1 mg kg⁻¹ hr⁻¹ for 2, 4, and 6 hr produced immediate sedation, which lasted throughout the duration of the CRI. Heart rate decreased and blood pressure increased significantly (p > .05) in all horses during the first 15 min of infusion, both returned to and then remained at baseline during the duration of the infusion. Compartmental models were used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of XYL administration. Plasma concentration–time curves following bolus and CRI were best described by a one-compartment model. No differences were found between pharmacokinetic estimates of the CRIs for the fractional elimination rate constant (K_e), half-life (t_1/2e), volume of distribution (V_d), and clearance (Cl). Median and range were 0.42 (0.15–0.97)/hr, 1.68 (0.87–4.52) hr, 5.85 (2.10–19.34) L/kg, and 28.7 (19.6–39.5) ml min⁻¹ kg⁻¹, respectively. Significant differences were seen for area under the curve ( ) (p < .0002) and maximum concentration (C_max) (p < .04). This indicates that with increasing duration of infusion, XYL may not accumulate in a clinically relevant way and hence no adjustments are required in a longer XYL CRI to maintain a constant level of sedation and a rapid recovery.     

一种播补一体化新型马铃薯播种机的设计与试验

现有马铃薯漏播补偿方案普遍需附加补偿种箱及单独设置补偿排种通道，导致系统结构复杂、补偿种薯落点偏差较大。为此，本研究提出了基于单向离合器的播补一体化马铃薯播种机新方案。该方案排种链轮正常播种使用地轮动力，而补偿状态在单向离合器协调下转移至补偿专用电动机，补偿完成后则继续恢复至地轮。基于此，在计算所需时间内，采用后一取种勺上的种薯直接追赶前一缺种位置的追赶式补偿方案，可以使补偿种薯也在原排种通道中运动，独立的补偿种薯专用通道不再需要，从而使系统结构简化、可靠性提高。样机田间试验表明，所采用的红外辐射排种监测系统误判率不超过1‰，系统平均自然漏播率对排种速度不敏感，漏播补偿成功率随着排种链速度的增加而快速降低，但即使达到正常排种链速最高值0.8 m·s^-1，依然有平均74%以上的漏播能被成功补偿，系统平均最终漏播率不足平均自然漏播率的1/4，漏播补偿作用效果明显。     

Exploring tree diversity and stand structure of savanna woodlands in southeastern Sudan

Savanna woodlands in Sudan host great biodiversity, provide a plethora of ecosystem goods and services to local communities, and sustain numerous ecological functions. Although the importance of the Acacia trees in these areas is well known, up-to-date information about these woodlands' diversity is limited and changes in their woody vegetation composition, density, diversity and relative frequency are not monitored over time. This study explored tree diversity and stand stage structure in Nuara Reserved Forest, a typical savanna woodland ecosystem in southeastern Sudan. A total of 638 circular sample plots (1000 m² for each) were established using a systematic sampling grid method. The distance between plots was 200 m. In each plot, all living trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥5.00 cm were identified and counted, and their DBH values were recorded. From these data, tree composition, diversity, density and stage structure were assessed. There were 12,259 individual trees representing four species (Acacia seyal, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia Senegal and Acacia mellifera) that belong to two families. The dominant species was Acacia seyal. Average tree density was 191 trees/hm² and the Shannon-Weiner index for trees diversity was 0.204. Overall, young trees comprised 86.30% of the forest. The state of tree richness and density in the study area was low compared to other similar environments in the region and around the world. We recommended adoption of a proper management system that includes monitoring of woody vegetation diversity in this forest, and management actions to enhance tree diversity and sustain ecosystem services to local communities. In addition to care for the dominant Acacia seyal stands, more attention and conservation should be devoted to reestablishing Acacia senegal and Acacia mellifera trees because of their high ecological and economic values for local communities.